{"id":565,"date":"2008-05-27T18:18:15","date_gmt":"2008-05-27T16:18:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.darkart.cz\/?p=565"},"modified":"2008-05-27T18:18:53","modified_gmt":"2008-05-27T16:18:53","slug":"jak-oskubat-autory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/?p=565","title":{"rendered":"Jak o\u0161kubat autory"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"“Orphan Works” – slovn\u00ed spojen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0159adu v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk\u016f k zu\u0159ivosti. Je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee jste o tomto probl\u00e9mu je\u0161t\u011b nesly\u0161eli, co\u017e by m\u011bl tento \u010dl\u00e1nek napravit. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159itom z velk\u00e9 bou\u0159e, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 na internetu a do kter\u00e9 je zapojeno mnoho um\u011blc\u016f a v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nejen na sv\u00fdch bloz\u00edch, ale i na jin\u00fdch port\u00e1lech d\u00e1vaj\u00ed najevo sv\u00e9 rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tato neskute\u010dn\u00e1 lev\u00e1rna vznikla, jak jinak, v zemi neomezen\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed – v USA. O co tedy jde?<\/p>\n

V kongresu se objevil 24. dubna 2008 nov\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona, kter\u00fd o\u0161et\u0159uje autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. “orphan works”. To jsou pr\u00e1ce a d\u00edla, u kter\u00fdch nen\u00ed uveden autor a nen\u00ed jej mo\u017en\u00e9 dohledat a kontaktovat. Takov\u00fdch prac\u00ed je ve v\u011bku internetu obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed a \u010dasto nejde o prvopl\u00e1nov\u011b nepodepsanou tvorbu, ale o d\u00edla, z nich\u017e n\u011bkdo z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b copyright odstranil, co\u017e dnes nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m a d\u011bje se to b\u011b\u017en\u011b. U\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto prac\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b komplikovan\u00e9 a proto se \u010dasto st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee jsou pou\u017eity bez v\u011bdom\u00ed autora, bez smlouvy a bez vyplacen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho honor\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Komer\u010dn\u00ed subjekt, kter\u00fd pot\u0159ebuje pro sv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely n\u011bjak\u00e9 autorsk\u00e9 d\u00edlo, m\u00e1 hned n\u011bkolik mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak si jej opat\u0159it. M\u016f\u017ee si nechat vytvo\u0159it pr\u00e1ci p\u0159\u00edmo na zak\u00e1zku s t\u00edm, \u017ee si s autorem vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a honor\u00e1\u0159e. Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed je n\u00e1kup takov\u00e9ho, ji\u017e hotov\u00e9ho, d\u00edla bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo od autora, nebo od t\u0159et\u00ed strany, kter\u00e1 autora zastupuje. Takov\u00fdmi z\u00e1stupci jsou nej\u010dast\u011bji agentury a databanky, kter\u00e9 se souhlasem autora jeho d\u00edlo nab\u00edzej\u00ed. Toto v\u0161echno je f\u00e9r, autor v\u00ed, kdo a jak jeho pr\u00e1ci pou\u017eil, m\u00e1 za ni zaplaceno a jeho pr\u00e1va nejsou nijak dot\u010dena. Je tu v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b t\u0159et\u00ed mo\u017enost, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed nijak vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 a nap\u0159. \u010c\u00edna si s n\u00ed ned\u011bl\u00e1 v\u016fbec hlavu. Jde o pou\u017eit\u00ed autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce bez jak\u00e9hokoliv jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, bez v\u011bdom\u00ed autora, bez vyplacen\u00ed honor\u00e1\u0159e, pro sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed, komer\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely. Tento zp\u016fsob je neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed a po\u0161kozuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va tv\u016frce zneu\u017eit\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Nikoho asi nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed, \u017ee nap\u0159. v \u010cR je tento zp\u016fsob velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00ed, ale nebudeme si hr\u00e1t na to, \u017ee lumpov\u00e9 jsou jen v \u010cR a v \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee komer\u010dn\u00ed subjekt nalezne pr\u00e1ci, kter\u00e1 by se mu hodila k jeho v\u00fdd\u011ble\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1m\u011br\u016fm, ale nem\u016f\u017ee dohledat autora, ani prost\u0159edn\u00edka, stoj\u00ed na d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9m rozcest\u00ed. M\u00e1 p\u0159ed sebou pr\u00e1v\u011b onu zmi\u0148ovanou “orphan work – opu\u0161t\u011bnou pr\u00e1ci” a dv\u011b mo\u017enosti, jak se k n\u00ed postavit. Bu\u010f ji nepou\u017eije, proto\u017ee by u\u017eit\u00edm poru\u0161il autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, nebo ji pou\u017eije jako by to byl materi\u00e1l k voln\u00e9mu \u017eit\u00ed, autor o tomto u\u017eit\u00ed nev\u00ed, nen\u00ed nijak omezeno a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z n\u011bj autorovi neplyne \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd honor\u00e1\u0159. Zdarma dostat to, co chci, je velmi p\u0159\u00edta\u017eliv\u00e1 politika a tak nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee se praktikuje vcelku hojn\u011b.<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0161e zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona toto upravuje – ale naprosto opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem, kter\u00fd nakonec znev\u00fdhod\u0148uje autory a slibuje jim opravdu nemal\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee. Z\u00e1kon pl\u00e1nuje zav\u00e9st byrokratick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd by evidoval autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, spolu s detaily o autorovi a t\u00edm dokl\u00e1dal jednozna\u010dn\u011b jeho autorstv\u00ed. Cokoliv, co by le\u017eelo mimo tento syst\u00e9m a odpov\u00eddalo by definici “orphan work” by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt zcela voln\u011b, bez jak\u00fdchkoliv z\u00e1vazk\u016f v\u016f\u010di autorovi. Jen t\u011b\u017eko lze dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee takov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce je skute\u010dn\u011b opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 a nen\u00ed to t\u0159eba signovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce, ze kter\u00e9 byl z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b odstran\u011bn copyright nebo podpis. U\u017e jen z t\u00e9to stru\u010dn\u00e9 skici takov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk\u016fm v USA vlasy hr\u016fzou na hlav\u011b. Syst\u00e9m p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed obrovskou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e a byrokratickou doktr\u00ednu na samotn\u00e9 autory. Stav\u00ed je tak do pozice, kdy proto, aby obh\u00e1jili sv\u00e9 autorstv\u00ed, mus\u00ed na sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1klady zdigitalizovat a zaregistrovat ka\u017edou svou pr\u00e1ci, u kter\u00e9 necht\u011bj\u00ed riskovat, \u017ee se stane “orphaned”. A aby byla lev\u00e1rna dokonal\u00e1, tato registrace je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b za poplatek.<\/p>\n

Patrn\u011b poprv\u00e9 v historii tak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tomu, \u017ee autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1m n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u011b, si mus\u00edte koupit. Dokonal\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed netvo\u0159\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 hodnoty a nemaj\u00ed s kreativn\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, mohou parazitovat a vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat nemal\u00e9 sumy na t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k vizu\u00e1ln\u00edmu um\u011bn\u00ed a tvorb\u011b kolem n\u00e1s. T\u00fdk\u00e1 se to ka\u017ed\u00e9ho kreativn\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka, ilustr\u00e1tora, grafika, mal\u00ed\u0159e, aran\u017eera, fotografa, architekta a mnoh\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch. V USA tak nyn\u00ed hroz\u00ed vzniknout situace, kdy budou auto\u0159i stresov\u00e1ni n\u00e1r\u016fstem byrokracie kolem sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch prac\u00ed, neust\u00e1l\u00fdm hl\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm co je a co je\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed registrov\u00e1no, placen\u00edm poplatk\u016f a \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edch nep\u0159\u00edjemnost\u00ed. Pl\u00e1novan\u00fd \u00da\u0159ad pro autorsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo nav\u00edc nic neusnad\u0148uje a pouze eviduje registrovan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, nepom\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m v p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9m soudn\u00edm sporu, kdy i p\u0159es tuto registraci n\u011bkdo va\u0161i pr\u00e1ci ukradne a pou\u017eije. V\u0161e si stejn\u011b mus\u00ed zaplatit zase autor. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed totoho \u00fa\u0159adu s pijavic\u00ed je v\u00edce ne\u017e trefn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 si \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te, \u017ee to je jen dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fapadkov\u00fd v\u00fdplod psychicky nemocn\u00e9 americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9ho se ve star\u00e9 Evrop\u011b b\u00e1t nemus\u00edme. Opak je ale pravdou, proto\u017ee americk\u00fd trh se pak st\u00e1v\u00e1 pro mimoamerick\u00e9 autory velmi nep\u0159ehledn\u00fd s t\u00edm, \u017ee jejich pr\u00e1ce mohou b\u00fdt v USA podle navrhovan\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zcela voln\u011b, bez n\u00e1roku na honor\u00e1\u0159e, dokud autor nezaregistruje a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nezaplat\u00ed sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v \u00da\u0159adu pro autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va. Krom\u011b toho, lobbist\u00e9 v Evropsk\u00e9 unii, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou dob\u0159\u00ed jen v tom, jak ka\u017ed\u00e9ho co nejv\u00edc o\u0161kubat, se v t\u00e9to politice zhl\u00e9dli a pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed jej\u00ed zaveden\u00ed i zde.<\/p>\n

Vlna protest\u016f a nevole je obrovsk\u00e1, proto\u017ee pl\u00e1novan\u00fd syst\u00e9m up\u00edr\u00e1 autor\u016fm jejich p\u0159irozen\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na autorstv\u00ed, ob\u00edr\u00e1 je o jejich \u017eivobyt\u00ed a przn\u00ed jejich tvorbu. Ze svobodn\u00e9 tvorby, kter\u00e1 pat\u0159\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku se sna\u017e\u00ed vy\u017ed\u00edmat des\u00e1tky, o jejich\u017e sm\u011bru plynut\u00ed nem\u00e1 nikdo tu\u0161en\u00ed. Samotn\u00fd syst\u00e9m pohlt\u00ed jist\u011b nezanedbateln\u00e9 procento poplatk\u016f, ale n\u011bkdo za oponou bude m\u00edt zcela jist\u011b v\u00edc, jinak by se takov\u00fd z\u00e1kon v kongresu ani neobjevil. Dopady jsou rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9, proto\u017ee se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed velmi v\u00fdnosn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed, jako je reklama nebo film, ale i fotografie, kter\u00e1 \u017eiv\u00ed mnoho autor\u016f skrz fotobanky. Odsouhlasen\u00ed takov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona je proto, jak se zd\u00e1, zna\u010dn\u011b zt\u00ed\u017een\u00e9, co\u017e je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b dob\u0159e. Tlak lobbist\u016f kolem kongresman\u016f je ov\u0161em obrovsk\u00fd, proto\u017ee si uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l takov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd jim bez pr\u00e1ce p\u0159inese velk\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky a dovol\u00ed jim rozhodovat o pr\u00e1ci jednotliv\u00fdch autor\u016f a vyu\u017e\u00edvat registrovan\u00fdch prac\u00ed coby databank pro komer\u010dn\u00ed nab\u00eddky. Firmy a komer\u010dn\u00ed subjekty, kter\u00e9 v minulosti p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 na autorsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va nedbaly zase v\u00edtaj\u00ed mo\u017enost, jak zcela leg\u00e1ln\u011b kr\u00e1st a u\u017e\u00edvat autorsk\u00e1 d\u00edla ve sv\u016fj v\u00fdd\u011ble\u010dn\u00fd prosp\u011bch bez toho, aby autorovi za u\u017eit\u00ed jakkoliv platili. Dosti hr\u016fzn\u00e9 jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 reakce kongresman\u016f na protesty v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk\u016f, a jen podtrhuj\u00ed prohnilou aroganci a tupost t\u011bchto \u010dinitel\u016f na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch m\u00edstech, kte\u0159\u00ed se nechaj\u00ed ovlivnit a zkorumpovat jak pro okr\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch kreativc\u016f, tak t\u0159eba i pro vstup do v\u00e1lky. Je proto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 celou situaci sledovat a informovat o n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed zainteresovan\u00e9 lidi.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je i informace o lobbistech, kte\u0159\u00ed na kongres tla\u010d\u00ed, podle dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed velk\u00fd tlak od lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed mnoho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s nejv\u011b\u0161\u00ed fotobankou Corbis<\/a>. A tuto fotobanku vlastn\u00ed Bill Gates.<\/p>\n

Pro v\u00edce informac\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed za\u00fakolovat google vyhled\u00e1n\u00edm spojen\u00ed “orphan work act”.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Orphan Works” – slovn\u00ed spojen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0159adu v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk\u016f k zu\u0159ivosti. Je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee jste o tomto probl\u00e9mu je\u0161t\u011b nesly\u0161eli, co\u017e by m\u011bl tento \u010dl\u00e1nek napravit. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159itom z velk\u00e9 bou\u0159e, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 na internetu a do kter\u00e9 je zapojeno mnoho um\u011blc\u016f a v\u00fdtvarn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nejen na sv\u00fdch bloz\u00edch, ale […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[46],"tags":[73],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=565"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=565"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=565"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darkart.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=565"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}